Flame heat transfer in storage geometries

This paper presents measurements of the heat flux distribution to the surface of four square towers exposed to buoyant turbulent flames. The steel towers represent an idealisation of a rack storage configuration at reduced scale. Each tower was 1.8 m high and 0.3 m x 0.3 m wide. The fuel was supplied from a circular gas burner at the floor. Three different gaseous fuels were used: carbon monoxide (CO), propane (C3H8), and propylene (C3H6). These fuels cover a wide range of flame sootiness resulting in distinctly different flame heat fluxes. At the same overall heat release rates the peak heat fluxes from C3H8 flames were twice those from CO frames, whereas the peak heat fluxes from C3H8 flames were 2.8 times those from CO flames. Heat fluxes were measured by thermocouples spot-welded to the back of the steel sheets. They were measured at 52 different locations. This measurement method turns out to be simple, accurate and robust in addition to being inexpensive. Formulas are provided for the flame heat flux distribution in terms of the overall fire heat release rate, fuel sootiness and separation distance between the towers. The formulas are suitable for direct use by engineering models of fire growth in storage geometries. The paper also provides additional data needed for the development of more general CFD models capable of predicting fire growth of other geometries. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.