Surface theory moves into the real world

Scanning-probe and low-energy electron microscopy offer detailed views of surface morphology and its time-evolution. Experimental tools developed earlier, like low-energy electron diffraction, provide quantitative surface structural parameters. The unrelenting advance of computer-power and key improvements in algorithmic efficiency make it possible to derive full value from these potent surface characterization tools by providing reliable, often predictive interpretation. Bridging length-and time scales are the key surface theory projects in a research environment dominated by nanotechnology. (C) 2003 American Vacuum Society.