Sleep and sleep-modifying factors in chronic migraine patients during the COVID-19 lockdown

Aims The objective of the present study was to evaluate sleep features and sleep-modifying factors in patients with chronic migraine (CM) during the first Italian COVID-19 lockdown. Material and methods The study was based on an e-mail survey addressed to CM patients of our headache center. The survey investigated demographic, life-style, sleep, psychological, and migraine features during the first COVID-19 lockdown period and the month before. The outcomes were sleep quality (measured using PSQI) and variation in sleep quality, duration, and latency. Results Ninety-two patients were included. The mean PSQI was 11.96. Sleep quality was improved in 14.1%, stable in 47.8%, and worsened in 38.0%. Sleep latency was reduced in 5.4%, stable in 46.7%, and increased in 47.8%. Sleep duration was reduced in 29.3%, stable in 34.8%, and increased in 35.9%. Significant associations were found with age, work/study, remote working, job loss, meal quality change, smoking variation, COVID-19 province prevalence, home-inhabitant relationship, ratio of house size/number of people, stress, state anxiety, anxiety/depression variation, future concern variation, computer hours, internet hours, and television hours. Conclusion The study described sleep features of chronic migraineurs during COVID-19 lockdown, pinpointing the main factors involved in sleep quality and sleep changes. Our findings revealed that migraineurs' sleep was closely linked with life-style and psychological features. Several modifiable factors came to light and they should be considered in order to develop an optimal management of CM. An appropriate and more aware treatment of sleep problems could be a way to improve migraineurs' life.