Peripheral interleukin-6 levels and working memory in non-obese adults: A post-hoc analysis from the CALERIE study

Objectives: This analysis aimed to investigate the association among interleukin 6 (IL-6) levels, caloric intake, and working memory and to explore the potential mediators of these associations using the public dataset from the Comprehensive Assessment of Long-Term Effects of Reducing Intake of Energy (CALERIE) clinical trial. Methods: The CALERIE study was designed to evaluate the effects of 2 y of prolonged caloric restriction in humans. Individuals were randomized to caloric restriction (CR; n =145) or an ad libitum diet (AL; n = 75) for 2 y. The outcome measures used herein were spatial working memory tests (i.e., total number of errors and strategy). Generalized estimating equations were used to assess the effects of treatment, time, and potential moderators (e.g., sleep and physical activities). Results: At baseline, there was an effect of hours of sleep, alcohol intake, and physical activities (i.e., mean total metabolic equivalent of task hours per day [MET-hours/day]) on IL-6 levels. The association between IL 6 and energy intake was moderated by MET-hours/day. The longitudinal analysis indicated that there was an effect of time, but not of treatment, on IL-6 levels, with decreasing values in both the CR and AL groups. Changes in IL-6 levels were associated with changes in working memory performance, but there were no between-group (i.e., CR vs. AL) differences. Conclusions: We observed an association between changes in IL-6 levels and improvement in spatial working memory tests. IL-6 was associated with higher caloric consumption, poorer sleep quality, and lower levels of physical activity. (C) 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.