Artesunate attenuated progression of atherosclerosis lesion formation alone or combined with rosuvastatin through inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines and pro-inflammatory chemokines

Backgrounds: Inflammation plays an important role in all stages of atherosclerosis, but little is known about the therapeutic effects of quenching inflammation in atherosclerotic lesions formation. Purpose: Herein, the effect of artesunate, a derivant from artemisinin from the traditional Chinese herb sweet wormwood, could attenuate the progression of atherosclerosis lesion formation alone or combined with rosuvastatin in Western-type diet (WD) fed ApoE(-/)- mice, and explored its possible mechanisms. Methods: The methods such as ELISA for plasma lipids and cytokines analyses, qRT-PCR and western blot for mRNA and protein expressions, and MTT assay for human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) viability were used for in vivo and in vitro experiments. Results: Artesunate could attenuate the progression of atherosclerosis lesion formation alone or combined with rosuvastatin in WD fed ApoE(-/-) mice without changes in food uptake, body weight and plasma lipids level, but with a significant reduction of pro-inflammatory cytokine, such as TNF-alpha and IL-6. Furthermore, artesunate could down-regulate the pro-inflammatory chemokines such as IL-8 and MCP-1 in aorta of mice. Besides, artesunate didn't influence IL-8 and MCP-1 secretion in HUVECs up-regulated by TNF-alpha, but inhibited IL-8 and MCP-1 secretion up-regulated by LPS. Conclusion: AS attenuated progression of atherosclerosis lesion formation alone or combined with rosuvastatin through anti-inflammatory effect, resulting in down-regulation of TNF-alpha and IL-6, and further down-regulating IL-8 and MCP-1 expressions in aorta of WD fed ApoE(-/-) mice. Rosuvastatin combined with artesunate could more effectively attenuate the progression of atherosclerosis lesions than when treated by one of them, demonstrating that lipid-lowering agents combined with anti-inflammatory agents could provide the greater benefit for cardiovascular disease patients. Artesunate is worth further investigating, as a candidate drug for the treatment of atherosclerosis. (C) 2016 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.