Depth of maximum of air-shower profiles at the Pierre Auger Observatory. I. Measurements at energies above 1017.8 eV

被引：203

作者：

Aab, A. ^{[1
]}

Abreu, P. ^{[2
,3
]}

Aglietta, M. ^{[4
,5
]}

Ahn, E. J. ^{[6
]}

Al Samarai, I. ^{[7
]}

Albuquerque, I. F. M. ^{[8
]}

Allekotte, I. ^{[9
,10
]}

Allen, J. ^{[11
]}

Allison, P. ^{[12
]}

Almela, A. ^{[13
,14
]}

Alvarez Castillo, J. ^{[15
]}

Alvarez-Muniz, J. ^{[16
]}

Batista, R. Alves ^{[17
]}

Ambrosio, M. ^{[18
,19
]}

Aminaei, A. ^{[20
]}

Anchordoqui, L. ^{[21
]}

Andringa, S. ^{[2
,3
]}

Aramo, C. ^{[18
,19
]}

Aranda, V. M. ^{[22
]}

Arqueros, F. ^{[22
]}

Asorey, H. ^{[9
,10
]}

Assis, P. ^{[2
,3
]}

Aublin, J. ^{[23
,24
]}

Ave, M. ^{[16
]}

Avenier, M. ^{[25
]}

Avila, G. ^{[26
,27
]}

Awal, N. ^{[11
]}

Badescu, A. M. ^{[28
]}

Barber, K. B. ^{[29
]}

Baeuml, J. ^{[30
]}

Baus, C. ^{[30
]}

Beatty, J. J. ^{[12
]}

Becker, K. H. ^{[31
]}

Bellido, J. A. ^{[29
]}

Berat, C. ^{[25
]}

Bertaina, M. E. ^{[4
,5
]}

Bertou, X. ^{[9
,10
]}

Biermann, P. L. ^{[32
]}

Billoir, P. ^{[23
,24
]}

Blaess, S. ^{[29
]}

Blanco, M. ^{[23
,24
]}

Bleve, C. ^{[33
,34
]}

Bluemer, H. ^{[30
,35
]}

Bohacova, M. ^{[36
]}

Boncioli, D. ^{[37
]}

Bonifazi, C. ^{[38
]}

Bonino, R. ^{[4
,5
]}

Borodai, N. ^{[39
]}

Brack, J. ^{[40
]}

Brancus, I. ^{[41
]}

机构：

[1] Univ Siegen, D-57068 Siegen, Germany

[2] Univ Lisbon, Lab Instrumentacao & Fis Expt Particulas LIP, P-1699 Lisbon, Portugal

[3] Univ Lisbon, IST, P-1699 Lisbon, Portugal

[4] Univ Turin, Osservatorio Astrofis Torino INAF, Turin, Italy

[5] Sezione Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Turin, Italy

[6] Fermilab Natl Accelerator Lab, Batavia, IL 60510 USA

[7] Univ Paris 11, CNRS, IN2P3, IPNO, F-91405 Orsay, France

[8] Univ Sao Paulo, Inst Fis, BR-01498 Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil

[9] Consejo Nacl Invest Cient & Tecn, UNCuyo, Ctr Atom Bariloche, San Carlos De Bariloche, Rio Negro, Argentina

[10] Consejo Nacl Invest Cient & Tecn, UNCuyo, Inst Balseiro CNEA, San Carlos De Bariloche, Rio Negro, Argentina

[11] NYU, New York, NY 10003 USA

[12] Ohio State Univ, Columbus, OH 43210 USA

[13] Univ Tecnol Nacl, Fac Reg Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina

[14] Consejo Nacl Invest Cient & Tecn, Inst Tecnol Detecc & Astroparticulas CNEA, UNSAM, RA-1033 Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina

[15] Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Mexico City 04510, DF, Mexico

[16] Univ Santiago de Compostela, La Coruna, Spain

[17] Univ Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany

[18] Univ Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy

[19] Sezione Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Naples, Italy

[20] Radboud Univ Nijmegen, IMAPP, NL-6525 ED Nijmegen, Netherlands

[21] CUNY Herbert H Lehman Coll, Dept Phys & Astron, New York, NY 10468 USA

[22] Univ Complutense Madrid, Madrid, Spain

[23] Univ Paris 06, CNRS, IN2P3, LPNHE, Paris, France

[24] Univ Paris 07, CNRS, IN2P3, LPNHE, Paris, France

[25] Univ Grenoble Alpes, LPSC, CNRS, IN2P3, Grenoble, France

[26] Observ Pierre Auger, Malargue, Argentina

[27] Comis Nacl Energia Atom, Malargue, Argentina

[28] Univ Politehn Bucuresti, Bucharest, Romania

[29] Univ Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia

[30] Karlsruhe Inst Technol, Inst Expt Kernphys IEKP, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany

[31] Berg Univ Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany

[32] Max Planck Inst Radioastron, D-53121 Bonn, Germany

[33] Univ Salento, Dipartimento Matemat & Fis E De Giorgi, Lecce, Italy

[34] Sezione Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Lecce, Italy

[35] Karlsruhe Inst Technol, Inst Kernphys, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany

[36] Acad Sci Czech Republ, Inst Phys, Prague, Czech Republic

[37] Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Lab Nazl Gran Sasso, Laquila, Italy

[38] Univ Fed Rio de Janeiro, Inst Fis, Rio De Janeiro, RJ, Brazil

[39] Inst Nucl Phys PAN, Krakow, Poland

[40] Colorado State Univ, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA

[41] Horia Hulubei Natl Inst Phys & Nucl Engn, Bucharest 077125, Romania

[42] Colorado State Univ, Pueblo, CO 80523 USA

[43] Univ Granada, Granada, Spain

[44] CAFPE, Granada, Spain

[45] Ctr Invest & Estudios Avanzados IPN CINVESTAV, Mexico City, DF, Mexico

[46] Univ Milan, Milan, Italy

[47] Sezione Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Milan, Italy

[48] Univ Roma Tor Vergata, I-00173 Rome, Italy

[49] Sezione Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Rome, Italy

[50] Univ Catania, Catania, Italy

来源：

PHYSICAL REVIEW D | 2014年 / 90卷 / 12期

基金：

英国科学技术设施理事会; 巴西圣保罗研究基金会; 美国国家科学基金会; 澳大利亚研究理事会;

关键词：

COSMIC-RAY SHOWERS; CHERENKOV LIGHT; FLUORESCENCE DETECTOR; PRESSURE-DEPENDENCE; SURFACE DETECTOR; MASS COMPOSITION; CROSS-SECTION; LHC DATA; CALIBRATION; DISTRIBUTIONS;

D O I：

10.1103/PhysRevD.90.122005

中图分类号：

P1 [天文学];

学科分类号：

0704 ;

摘要：

We report a study of the distributions of the depth of maximum, X-max, of extensive air-shower profiles with energies above 10(17.8) eV as observed with the fluorescence telescopes of the Pierre Auger Observatory. The analysis method for selecting a data sample with minimal sampling bias is described in detail as well as the experimental cross-checks and systematic uncertainties. Furthermore, we discuss the detector acceptance and the resolution of the X-max measurement and provide parametrizations thereof as a function of energy. The energy dependence of the mean and standard deviation of the X-max distributions are compared to air-shower simulations for different nuclear primaries and interpreted in terms of the mean and variance of the logarithmic mass distribution at the top of the atmosphere.

引用

页数：25

共 100 条

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Arqueros, F.
Asorey, H.
Assis, P.
Aublin, J.
Ave, M.
Avenier, M.
Avila, G.
Awal, N.
Badescu, A. M.
Barber, K. B.
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Baus, C.
Beatty, J. J.
Becker, K. H.
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Biermann, P. L.
Billoir, P.
Blaess, S.
Blanco, M.
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Bluemer, H.
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