Birth of neutrino astrophysics (Nobel Lecture)

The KamiokaNDA experiment for the observation of proton decay, an array of photomultipliers containing over 3 000 tons of water, allowed the observation of charged particles travelling faster than the velocity of light in water. The subsequently developed SuperKamiokaNDA could be used to measure the amounts, the path, the energies, and the oscillation parameters of neutrinos, generated either by supernova explosions in the sun, or in the atmosphere. This work was awarded the 2002 Nobel Prize in Physics.