Phytoextraction of Cd and Zn from agricultural soils by Salix ssp and intercropping of Salix caprea and Arabidopsis halleri

Contamination of agricultural topsoils with Cd above guideline values is of concern in many countries throughout the world. Extraction of metals from contaminated soils using high-biomass, metal-accumulating Salix sp. has been proposed as a low-cost, gentle remediation strategy, but reasonable phytoextraction rates remain to be demonstrated. In an outdoor pot experiment we assessed the phytoextraction potential for Cd and Zn of four willow species (Salix caprea, S. fragilis, S. x smithiana, S. x dasyclados) and intercropping of S. caprea with the hyperaccumulator Arabidopsis halleri on three moderately contaminated, agricultural soils. Large concentrations of Cd (250 mg kg(-1)) and Zn (3,300 mg kg(-1)) were determined in leaves of Salix x smithiana grown on a soil containing 13.4 mg kg(-1)Cd and 955 mg kg(-1) Zn, resulting in bioaccumulation factors of 27 (Cd) and 3 (Zn). Total removal of up to 20% Cd and 5% Zn after three vegetation periods were shown for Salix x smithiana closely followed by S. caprea, S. fragilis and S. x dasyclados. While total Cd concentrations in soils were reduced by up to 20%, 1 M NH4NO3-extractable metal concentrations did not significantly decrease within 3 years. Intercropping of S. caprea and A. halleri partly increased total removal of Zn, but did not enhance total Cd extraction compared to single plantings of S. caprea after two vegetation periods.