Models and characterization of piezoelectric ceramics

Selected literature on the use of linearized constitutive equations and complex piezoelectric coefficients to develop models and characterize materials is presented in brief One-dimensional models of simple piezoelectric ceramic components are derived using linearized constitutive equations and other fundamental relations to illustrate the procedure used to develop multi-dimensional models. Then, the procedure for building models of multi-layer devices using models of components is illustrated. Models are also used to characterize materials. A method to determine the errors when the ANSI/IEEE Standard method is used to determine real piezoelectric coefficients and methods to characterize non-Standard shapes often used in devices are also presented.