Conceptual multi-scale dynamic rupture model for the 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku Earthquake

We present conceptual dynamic rupture models for the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake based on multi-scale heterogeneity in fracture energy. Regardless of frequently-occurring M 7.5 events in this area, it is significant that a large-scale fault heterogeneity corresponding to a M 9 event had not been clearly recognized until this earthquake. We show that the largest heterogeneity having a high fracture energy is consistent with the relatively slow rupture propagation of the Tohoku Earthquake. The large gap in fracture energy explains the separation of two groups of waves clearly visible in observed ground motions. Our simulations favour a cascading rupture that begins from a medium heterogeneity and then progresses over larger scale heterogeneity.