A semi-supervised autoencoder framework for joint generation and classification of breathing

Background and objective: One of the main problems with biomedical signals is the limited amount of patient-specific data and the significant amount of time needed to record the sufficient number of samples needed for diagnostic and treatment purposes. In this study, we present a framework to simultaneously generate and classify biomedical time series based on a modified Adversarial Autoencoder (AAE) algorithm and one-dimensional convolutions. Our work is based on breathing time series, with specific motivation to capture breathing motion during radiotherapy lung cancer treatments. Methods: First, we explore the potential in using the Variational Autoencoder (VAE) and AAE algorithms to model breathing signals from individual patients. We then extend the AAE algorithm to allow joint semi-supervised classification and generation of different types of signals within a single framework. To simplify the modeling task, we introduce a pre-processing and post-processing compressing algorithm that transforms the multi-dimensional time series into vectors containing time and position values, which are transformed back into time series through an additional neural network. Results: The resulting models are able to generate realistic and varied samples of breathing. By incorporating 4% and 12% of the labeled samples during training, our model outperforms other purely discriminative networks in classifying breathing baseline shift irregularities from a dataset completely different from the training set, achieving an average macro F1-score of 94 . 91% and 96 . 54% , respectively. Conclusion: To our knowledge, the presented framework is the first approach that unifies generation and classification within a single model for this type of biomedical data, enabling both computer aided diagnosis and augmentation of labeled samples within a single framework. (c) 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ )