Diagnostic and prognostic utility of cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction - implications for clinical trials

Background: Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is a poorly characterized condition. We aimed to phenotype patients with HFpEF using multiparametric stress cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) and to assess the relationship to clinica ! outcomes. Methods: One hundred and fifty four patients (51% male, mean age 72 +/- 10 years) with a diagnosis of HFpEF underwent transthoracic echocardiography and CMR during a single study visit. The CMR protocol comprised cine, stress/rest perfusion and late gadolinium enhancement imaging on a 3T scanner. Follow-up outcome data (death and heart failure hospitalization) were captured after a minimum of 6 months. Results: CMR detected previously undiagnosed pathology in 42 patients (27%), who had. similar baseline characteristics to those without a new diagnosis. These diagnoses consisted of: coronary artery disease (n = 20, including 14 with 'silent' infarction), microvascular dysfunction (n = 11), probable or definite hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (n = 10) and constrictive pericarditis (n = 5). Four patients had dual pathology. During follow-up (median 623 days), patients with a new CMR diagnosis were at higher risk of adverse outcome for the composite endpoint (log rank test: p = 0.047). In multivariate Cox proportional hazards analysis, a new CMR diagnosis was the strongest independent predictor of adverse outcome (hazard ratio: 1.92; 95% CI: 1.07 to 3.45; p = 0.03). Conclusions: CMR diagnosed new significant pathology in 27% of patients with HFpEF. These patients were at increased risk of death and heart failure hospitalization.