Extraction and characterization of pectin from cacao pod husks (Theobroma cacao L.) with citric acid

Variables that influence the citric-acid extraction of pectins from cacao pod husk were examined. A screening study tested the main parameters influencing pectin yield and uronic acid content by a factorial fractional 3(3-1) design. Further, response surface methodology was applied using a central composite design to examine the effect of a greater region of variable values on pectin yield and uronic acid content. The yield was optimized by increasing the temperature and time. None of the variables had a significant effect on the uronic acid content, and there was lack of fit of the model to the uronic acid content. From the fitted model, extraction conditions with aqueous citric acid at pH 3.0 for 95 min at 95 degrees C provided a predicted yield of approximately 9.0 g/100 g dry cacao pod husks. The obtained experimental value for the yield was 10.1 +/- 0.3 g/100 g dry cacao pod husks, with the pectins containing 65.1 +/- 0.8 g uronic acid/100 g fraction, DE 40.3% and DA 15.9%. At 5 g/100 g aqueous solution, the fraction behaved as a concentrated solution and presented a non-Newtonian shear-thinning behavior, well described by Cross Model. Additionally, the fraction formed gels at acidic pH and high sucrose content. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.