ICOS eddy covariance flux-station site setup: a review

被引:76
作者
Rebmann, Corinna [1 ]
Aubinet, Marc [2 ]
Schmid, Hape [3 ]
Arriga, Nicola [4 ]
Aurela, Mika [5 ]
Burba, George [6 ,7 ]
Clement, Robert [8 ]
De Ligne, Anne [2 ]
Fratini, Gerardo [6 ]
Gielen, Bert [4 ]
Grace, John [8 ]
Graf, Alexander [9 ]
Gross, Patrick [10 ]
Haapanala, Sami [11 ]
Herbst, Mathias [12 ]
Hortnagl, Lukas [13 ]
Ibrom, Andreas [14 ]
Joly, Lilian [15 ]
Kljun, Natascha [16 ]
Kolle, Olaf [17 ]
Kowalski, Andrew [18 ]
Lindroth, Anders [19 ]
Loustau, Denis [20 ]
Mammarella, Ivan [21 ]
Mauder, Matthias [3 ]
Merbold, Lutz [13 ,22 ]
Metzger, Stefan [23 ,24 ]
Molder, Meelis [19 ]
Montagnani, Leonardo [25 ]
Papale, Dario [26 ]
Pavelka, Marian [27 ]
Peichl, Matthias [28 ]
Roland, Marilyn [4 ]
Serrano-Ortiz, Penelope [29 ]
Siebicke, Lukas [30 ]
Steinbrecher, Rainer [3 ]
Tuovinen, Juha-Pekka [5 ]
Vesala, Timo [21 ,31 ]
Wohlfahrt, Georg [32 ]
Franz, Daniela [33 ]
机构
[1] UFZ Helmholtz Ctr Environm Res, Dept Computat Hydrosyst, Permoserstr 15, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany
[2] Univ Liege, Gembloux Agrobio Tech, TERRA Teaching & Res Ctr, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium
[3] Karlsruhe Inst Technol, Inst Meteorol & Climate Res Atmospher Environm Re, Kreuzeckbahnstr 19, D-82467 Garmisch Partenkirchen, Germany
[4] Univ Antwerp, Res Ctr Excellence Plants & Ecosyst PLECO, Univ Pl 1, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium
[5] Finnish Meteorol Inst, POB 503, FIN-00101 Helsinki, Finland
[6] LI COR Biosci, Res & Dev, 4421 Super St, Lincoln, NE 68504 USA
[7] Univ Nebraska, Sch Nat Resources, RB Daugherty Water Food Inst, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA
[8] Univ Edinburgh, Sch Geosci, West Mains Rd, Edinburgh EH9 3JN, Midlothian, Scotland
[9] Forschungszentrum Julich, Inst Bio & Geosci, Agrosphere IBG 3, Wilhelm Johnen Str, D-52428 Julich, Germany
[10] French Natl Inst Agr Res INRA, UMR EEF, F-54280 Champenoux, France
[11] Suvilumi, Ohrahuhdantie 2 B, Helsinki 00680, Finland
[12] Ctr Agrometeorol Res ZAMF, German Meteorol Serv, Bundesallee 33, D-38116 Braunschweig, Germany
[13] Swiss Fed Inst Technol, Inst Agr Sci, Dept Environm Syst Sci, Univ Str 2, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
[14] Tech Univ Denmark, Dept Environm Engn, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark
[15] Univ Reims, GSMA, UMR CNRS 7331, BP 1039, F-51687 Reims 2, France
[16] Lund Univ, Ctr Environm & Climate Res, Solvegatan 37, S-22362 Lund, Sweden
[17] Max Planck Inst Biogeochem, POB 10 01 64, D-07701 Jena, Germany
[18] Univ Granada, Andalusian Ctr Environm Res CEAMA IISTA, E-18071 Granada, Spain
[19] Lund Univ, Dept Phys Geog & Ecosyst Sci, Solvegatan 12, S-22362 Lund, Sweden
[20] INRA, UMR ISPA 1391, F-33140 Villenave Dornon, France
[21] Univ Helsinki, Fac Sci, Inst Atmospher & Earth Syst Res Phys, POB 68, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
[22] ILRI, Mazingira Ctr, POB 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
[23] Natl Ecol Observ Network, 1685 38th St, Boulder, CO 80301 USA
[24] Univ Wisconsin, Dept Atmospher & Ocean Sci, 1225 West Dayton St, Madison, WI 53706 USA
[25] Fac Sci & Technol, Piazza Univ 1, I-39100 Bolzano, Italy
[26] Univ Tuscia, Dept Innovat Biol Agrofood & Forest Syst DIBAF, Largo Univ Blocco D, I-01100 Viterbo, Italy
[27] Czech Acad Sci, Global Change Res Inst, Dept Matters & Energy Fluxes, Belidla 986-4a, Brno 60300, Czech Republic
[28] Swedish Univ Agr Sci, Dept Forest Ecol & Management, S-90183 Umea, Sweden
[29] Univ Granada, Dept Ecol, Andalusian Ctr Environm Res CEAMA IISTA, E-18071 Granada, Spain
[30] Univ Goettingen, Bioclimatol, Busgenweg 2, D-37077 Gottingen, Germany
[31] Univ Helsinki, Fac Agr & Forestry, Inst Atmospher & Earth Syst Res Forest Sci, POB 27, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
[32] Univ Innsbruck, Inst Ecol, Sternwartestr 15, Innsbruck, Austria
[33] Thuenen Inst Climate Smart Agr, Bundesallee 65, D-38116 Braunschweig, Germany
基金
美国国家科学基金会; 瑞士国家科学基金会;
关键词
ICOS; tower set up; protocol; greenhouse gas; eddy covariance technique; INDUCED FLOW DISTORTION; NET ECOSYSTEM EXCHANGE; WATER-VAPOR; CARBON-DIOXIDE; GAS ANALYZER; FOOTPRINT ESTIMATION; QUALITY ASSESSMENT; SONIC ANEMOMETERS; SCALAR FLUXES; CO2; STORAGE;
D O I
10.1515/intag-2017-0044
中图分类号
S3 [农学(农艺学)];
学科分类号
0901 ;
摘要
The Integrated Carbon Observation System Re-search Infrastructure aims to provide long-term, continuous observations of sources and sinks of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and water vapour. At ICOS ecosystem stations, the principal technique for measurements of ecosystem-atmosphere exchange of GHGs is the eddy-covariance technique. The establishment and setup of an eddy-covariance tower have to be carefully reasoned to ensure high quality flux measurements being representative of the investigated ecosystem and comparable to measurements at other stations. To fulfill the requirements needed for flux determination with the eddy-covariance technique, variations in GHG concentrations have to be measured at high frequency, simultaneously with the wind velocity, in order to fully capture turbulent fluctuations. This requires the use of high-frequency gas analysers and ultrasonic anemometers. In addition, to analyse flux data with respect to environmental conditions but also to enable corrections in the post-processing procedures, it is necessary to measure additional abiotic variables in close vicinity to the flux measurements. Here we describe the standards the ICOS ecosystem station network has adopted for GHG flux measurements with respect to the setup of instrumentation on towers to maximize measurement precision and accuracy while allowing for flexibility in order to observe specific ecosystem features.
引用
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页码:471 / +
页数:28
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