Liver X Receptor Exerts Anti-Inflammatory Effects in Colonic Epithelial Cells via ABCAI and Its Expression Is Decreased in Human and Experimental Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Background: Liver X receptor (LXR) exerts anti-inflammatory effects in macrophages. The aim of this study was to explore the expression and function of LXR in the colonic epithelium under inflammatory conditions. Methods: The expression of LXR was explored by Western blot and immunohistochemistry in colonic biopsies from patients diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and control patients. In addition, LXR and its target gene expression were analyzed in the colon from iuterleukin (IL)-10-deficient (IL-10(-/-)) and wild-type mice. Caco-2 cells were pretreated with the synthetic LXR agonist GW3965 and further challenged with IL-1 beta, the expression of IL-8 and chemokine (C-C motif) ligand (CCL)-28 chemokines, the activation of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases, and the nuclear translocation of the p65 subunit of nuclear factor kappa B was evaluated. Glibenclamide was used as an ABCA1 antagonist. Results: We found that LXR expression was downregulated in colonic samples from patients with IBD and IL-10(-/-) mice. The nuclear positivity of LXR inversely correlated with ulcerative colitis histologic activity. Colonic IL-1 beta mRNA levels negatively correlated with both LXR alpha and LXR beta in the colon of IL-10(-/-) mice. where a decreased mRNA expression of the LXR target genes ABCA1 and FAS was shown. In addition, IL-1 beta decreased the expression of the LXR target gene ABCA1 in cultured intestinal epithelial cells. The synthetic LXR agonist GW3965 led to a decreased nuclear positivity of the p65 subunit of nuclear factor kappa B, a phosphorylation ratio of the p44-42 MAP kinase, and the expression of CCL-28 and IL-8 in IL-1 beta-stimulated Caco-2 cells. The pharmacological inhibition of ABCA1 increased the phosphorylation of p44-42 after GW3965 treatment and IL-1 beta stimulation. Conclusions: The LXR-ABCA1 pathway exerts anti-inflammatory effects in intestinal epithelial cells and is impaired in the colonic mucosa of patients with IBD and IL-10(-/-) mice.