Tunneling in fault zones, Tuzla tunnel, Turkey

The Tuzla tunnel was excavated mainly in fault zones, shale and limestones using the conventional and shielded tunnel boring machine (TBM) methods. Fault zones in shales are brecciated and clayey, while those In limestones are of blocky structure. The rock mass rating, rock mass classification and support systems proposed for fault zones in Tuzla tunnel are insufficient for explaining the deformation and failure mechanisms encountered in the tunnel. In addition, dyke exposures, the fault-collapsed karstic system and groundwater also caused some problems during the excavation of the tunnel. The most important event relevant to fault zones in the Tuzla tunnel was the selection of a TBM. Before the excavation of the tunnel, the rock was determined to be of poor to fair quality. Therefore, tunneling with a TBM in rock of poor to fair quality was thought to be economic. However, during the excavation, fault zones with poor to very poor rock characteristics were encountered along an area comprising 70% of the tunnel length. The fault zones caused jamming of the TBM cutter and deviation from the tunnel alignment. In this respect, tunneling with the TBM method was quite problematic. Geotechnical problems encountered in the fault zones required special measures to be taken in the tunnel. With these measures, excavation and supporting of the tunnel were completed successfully by transforming heterogeneous conditions in the fault zones to homogeneous conditions in the tunnel impact area. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.