NOD-Like Receptors: Guards of Cellular Homeostasis Perturbation during Infection

被引:18
作者
Pei, Gang [1 ]
Dorhoi, Anca [1 ,2 ]
机构
[1] Friedrich Loeffler Inst, Inst Immunol, D-17493 Greifswald, Germany
[2] Ernst Moritz Arndt Univ Greifswald, Fac Math & Nat Sci, D-17489 Greifswald, Germany
关键词
innate immunity; NOD-like receptors; pathogens; cellular homeostasis; NOD1; 2; NLRP3; NLRP1; ENDOPLASMIC-RETICULUM STRESS; ACTIN-BASED MOTILITY; NF-KAPPA-B; EUKARYOTIC TRANSLATION INITIATION; ENTEROPATHOGENIC ESCHERICHIA-COLI; UNFOLDED PROTEIN RESPONSE; THIOREDOXIN-INTERACTING PROTEIN; NUCLEOTIDE EXCHANGE FACTOR; HOST-CELL; NLRP3; INFLAMMASOME;
D O I
10.3390/ijms22136714
中图分类号
Q5 [生物化学]; Q7 [分子生物学];
学科分类号
071010 ; 081704 ;
摘要
The innate immune system relies on families of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that detect distinct conserved molecular motifs from microbes to initiate antimicrobial responses. Activation of PRRs triggers a series of signaling cascades, leading to the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and antimicrobials, thereby contributing to the early host defense against microbes and regulating adaptive immunity. Additionally, PRRs can detect perturbation of cellular homeostasis caused by pathogens and fine-tune the immune responses. Among PRRs, nucleotide binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors (NLRs) have attracted particular interest in the context of cellular stress-induced inflammation during infection. Recently, mechanistic insights into the monitoring of cellular homeostasis perturbation by NLRs have been provided. We summarize the current knowledge about the disruption of cellular homeostasis by pathogens and focus on NLRs as innate immune sensors for its detection. We highlight the mechanisms employed by various pathogens to elicit cytoskeleton disruption, organelle stress as well as protein translation block, point out exemplary NLRs that guard cellular homeostasis during infection and introduce the concept of stress-associated molecular patterns (SAMPs). We postulate that integration of information about microbial patterns, danger signals, and SAMPs enables the innate immune system with adequate plasticity and precision in elaborating responses to microbes of variable virulence.
引用
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页数:23
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