Longitudinal Associations Between Device-Measured Physical Activity and Early Childhood Neurodevelopment

Background: The aim of this study was to investigate longitudinal associations between physical activity and early childhood neurodevelopment. Methods: Data from 1673 children from the 2015 Pelotas (Brazil) birth cohort study were analyzed. Physical activity was measured using accelerometers on the wrist at ages 1, 2, and 4 years. Neurodevelopment was measured using the Battelle Development Inventory at age 4 years. Linear regression models were used to test trajectories and cumulative associations of physical activity with child neurodevelopment. Results: Of the 3 physical activity trajectories observed, children in the medium (beta= 1.17; 95% confidence interval, 0.25 to 2.10) and high (beta= 2.22; 95% confidence interval, 0.61 to 3.82) trajectories showed higher neurodevelopment scores than children in the lower activity trajectory. Cumulative analyses showed that children in the highest tertile of physical activity in all follow-ups presented a mean neurodevelopment score 4.57 (95% confidence interval. 2.63 to 6.51) higher than children in the lowest tertile in all follow-ups. All analyses showed a dose-response characteristic of association, with higher physical activity indicating higher neurodevelopment scores. Conclusions: Physical activity may be an important predictor of neurodevelopment through early childhood.