[1] Univ La Frontera, Fac Ingn & Ciencias, Temuco, Chile
[2] Pontificia Univ Catolica Chile, Dept Struct & Geotech Engn, Santiago, Chile
[3] Res Inst Min & Environm RIME UQAT Polytech, Montreal, PQ, Canada
[4] Polytech Montreal, Dept Civil Geol & Min Engn, Montreal, PQ, Canada
[5] Univ Newcastle, Fac Engn & Build Environm, Callaghan, NSW, Australia