Incarceration and Health Outcomes in HIV-Infected Patients: The Impact of Substance Use, Primary Care Engagement, and Antiretroviral Adherence

Background and ObjectivesOne in seven HIV-infected individuals is incarcerated each year. We used data from the Veterans Aging Cohort Study (VACS) to explore the relationship between incarceration and HIV disease outcomes and evaluate potential mediators of this relationship. MethodsHIV disease outcomes included: low CD4 counts (<200 cells/mL), detectable viral RNA loads (>500 copies/mL), and the VACS Index score. We performed a mediation analysis among 1,591 HIV-infected patients to examine whether unhealthy alcohol use, drug use, primary care engagement, or antiretroviral adherence mediated observed associations. ResultsAmong 1,591 HIV-infected patients, 47% reported having a history of incarceration. In multivariate analyses, a history of incarceration was associated with a higher VACS Index score ( 2.47, 95% CI 0.52-4.43). Mediation analysis revealed that recent drug use attenuated the association by 22% ( 1.93, 95% CI -0.06, 3.91) while other proposed mediators did not. Conclusions and Scientific SignificanceImproving access to drug treatment when incarcerated and upon release may be an important target to improving the health of HIV-infected individuals with a history of incarceration. (Am J Addict 2015;24:178-184)