Infections of the Central Nervous System in Returning Travelers and Immigrants

Purpose of Review This review highlights current knowledge in travel-related neuroinfectious diseases, providing insight on approaches to prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of infections of the central nervous system (CNS) in travelers and immigrants. Recent Findings Updates on travel vaccine recommendations including vaccine-specific interactions with immunosuppressive agents, advances in Zika virus and dengue virus vaccine development, new diagnostic criteria for neurocysticercosis, updates on treatment approaches for tuberculosis meningitis. Summary Increasing rates of travel are leading to the spread of known infectious diseases and the emergence of new diseases in travel medicine. Among these infections, neuroinfectious diseases carry significant morbidity and mortality. To reduce the effect of travel-related illness, appropriate pre-travel measures and up-to-date diagnostic and treatment strategies are essential for optimal outcomes. This review highlights important travel information relevant to neuroinfectious diseases for several populations including immunocompetent, immunocompromised, pregnant, and infant/children travelers. It also outlines the travel risk, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management of a select list of neuroinfectious diseases by region, including neurocysticercosis, Zika virus, tuberculosis meningitis, rabies, and tick-borne encephalitis.