A comprehensive comparative analysis of deep learning tools for modeling failures in smart water taps

Predicting early-stage failure in smart water taps (SWT) and selecting the most efficient tools to build failure prediction models are many challenges that water institutions face. In this study, three Deep Learning (DL) algorithms, i.e., the Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) and Bi-directional Long Short-Term Memory (BiLSTM), were selected to analyse and determine the most appropriate among them for failure prediction in SWTs. This study uses a historical dataset acquired from smart water withdrawal taps to determine the most efficient DL neural network architecture for failure prediction in the SWT, leading to a hybrid model's development. After a comprehensive evaluation of the three ML models, findings show that a hybrid combination of the CNN and Bi-LSTM (CNN-BiLSTM) models is a better solution for investigating failures in the SWT.