A systematic review and meta-analysis of early childhood intervention programs for developmental difficulties in low-and-middle-income countries

Early acknowledgment of developmental difficulties in young children strengthens both preventive and therapeutic approaches. Despite their feasibility, early intervention services are limited in Low-and-Middle-Income (LAMI) countries compared to high income countries. The aim of this study was to examine the evidence for early childhood intervention programs for developmental difficulties in children below five years in LAMI countries through a systematic review and meta-analysis. In this background, original studies published in peer-reviewed journals from 2010 to 2019 with a focus on developmental difficulties including delays and deviances; randomized research design with a clear description of the intervention and measurable outcomes, and conducted in LAMI countries were considered for the systematic review. Electronic databases, including ProQuest, PubMed, Ovid, EBSCOhost, and Google Scholar, were searched using a combination of specific keywords. PRISMA guidelines were followed to include the studies. Each of the selected study was assessed for quality before applying appropriate statistics to synthesize the data. Fourteen publications were identified from 2697 publications for the systematic review, out of which four were found compatible for a meta-analysis. The studies reviewed were conducted in Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, Uganda, Vietnam, and Zambia. A meta-analysis of four studies provided considerable evidence for the effects of early developmental intervention. This systematic review provides an evidence for early childhood intervention programs in LAMI countries. Implications of these findings for the early childhood programs are discussed in this article.