Ionized calcium in the atmospheres of two ultra-hot exoplanets WASP-33b and KELT-9b

被引：104

作者：

Yan, F. ^{[1
]}

Casasayas-Barris, N. ^{[2
,3
]}

Molaverdikhani, K. ^{[4
]}

Alonso-Floriano, F. J. ^{[5
]}

Reiners, A. ^{[1
]}

Palle, E. ^{[2
,3
]}

Henning, Th ^{[4
]}

Molliere, P. ^{[5
]}

Chen, G. ^{[6
]}

Nortmann, L. ^{[2
,3
]}

Snellen, I. A. G. ^{[5
]}

Ribas, I ^{[7
,8
]}

Quirrenbach, A. ^{[9
]}

Caballero, J. A. ^{[10
]}

Amado, P. J. ^{[11
]}

Azzaro, M. ^{[12
]}

Bauer, F. F. ^{[11
]}

Cortes Contreras, M. ^{[10
]}

Czesla, S. ^{[13
]}

Khalafinejad, S. ^{[9
]}

Lara, L. M. ^{[11
]}

Lopez-Puertas, M. ^{[11
]}

Montes, D. ^{[14
,15
]}

Nagel, E. ^{[13
]}

Oshagh, M. ^{[1
]}

Sanchez-Lopez, A. ^{[11
]}

Stangret, M. ^{[2
,3
]}

Zechmeister, M. ^{[1
]}

机构：

[1] Georg August Univ, Inst Astrophys, Friedrich Hund Pl 1, D-37077 Gottingen, Germany

[2] Inst Astrofis Canarias, Calle Via Lactea S-N, Tenerife 38200, Spain

[3] Univ La Laguna, Dept Astrofis, Tenerife 38026, Spain

[4] Max Planck Inst Astron, Konigstuhl 17, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany

[5] Leiden Univ, Leiden Observ, Postbus 9513, NL-2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands

[6] Chinese Acad Sci, Purple Mt Observ, Key Lab Planetary Sci, Nanjing 210033, Peoples R China

[7] CSIC, IEEC, Inst Ciencies Espai, Campus UAB,C Can Magrans S-N, Barcelona 08193, Spain

[8] IEEC, Barcelona 08034, Spain

[9] Heidelberg Univ, Landessternwarte Zentrum Astron, Konigstuhl 12, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany

[10] CSIC, Ctr Astrobiol, INTA, ESAC, Camino Bajo Castillo S-N, Madrid 28692, Spain

[11] CSIC, IAA, Glorieta Astron S-N, E-18008 Granada, Spain

[12] CSIC, Ctr Astron Hispano Aleman, MPG, Observ Astron Calar Alto, Almeria 04550, Spain

[13] Univ Hamburg, Hamburger Sternwarte, Gojenbergsweg 112, D-21029 Hamburg, Germany

[14] Univ Complutense Madrid, Dept Fis Tierra & Astrofis, Fac Ciencias Fis, E-28040 Madrid, Spain

[15] Univ Complutense Madrid, IPARCOS UCM, Intituto Fis Particulas & Cosmos UCM, Fac Ciencias Fis, E-28040 Madrid, Spain

来源：

ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS | 2019年 / 632卷

基金：

欧洲研究理事会;

关键词：

planets and satellites: atmospheres; techniques: spectroscopic; planets and satellites: individual: WASP-33b; planets and satellites: individual: KELT-9b; PLANET; TRANSIT; ABSORPTION; EXOSPHERE; MASS;

D O I：

10.1051/0004-6361/201936396

中图分类号：

P1 [天文学];

学科分类号：

0704 ;

摘要：

Ultra-hot Jupiters are emerging as a new class of exoplanets. Studying their chemical compositions and temperature structures will improve our understanding of their mass loss rate as well as their formation and evolution. We present the detection of ionized calcium in the two hottest giant exoplanets - KELT-9b and WASP-33b. By using transit datasets from CARMENES and HARPS-N observations, we achieved high-confidence-level detections of Ca II using the cross-correlation method. We further obtain the transmission spectra around the individual lines of the Ca II H&K doublet and the near-infrared triplet, and measure their line profiles. The Ca II H&K lines have an average line depth of 2.02 +/- 0.17% (effective radius of 1.56 R-p) for WASP-33b and an average line depth of 0.78 +/- 0.04% (effective radius of 1.47 R-p) for KELT-9b, which indicates that the absorptions are from very high upper-atmosphere layers close to the planetary Roche lobes. The observed Ca II lines are significantly deeper than the predicted values from the hydrostatic models. Such a discrepancy is probably a result of hydrodynamic outflow that transports a significant amount of Ca II into the upper atmosphere. The prominent Ca II detection with the lack of significant Ca I detection implies that calcium is mostly ionized in the upper atmospheres of the two planets.

引用

页数：12

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