Risk to human health associated with the environmental occurrence of cyanobacterial neurotoxic alkaloids anatoxins and saxitoxins

被引:73
作者
Testai, Emanuela [1 ]
Scardala, Simona [1 ]
Vichi, Susanna [1 ]
Buratti, Franca M. [1 ]
Funari, Enzo [1 ]
机构
[1] Ist Super Sanita, Environm & Primary Prevent Dept, I-00161 Rome, Italy
关键词
Cyanobacteria; cyanotoxins; human health; neurotoxins; toxicological risk assessment; PARALYTIC SHELLFISH TOXINS; FRESH-WATER CYANOBACTERIUM; METHYLAMINO-L-ALANINE; APHANIZOMENON-FLOS-AQUAE; BLUE-GREEN-ALGAE; RAPHIDIOPSIS-MEDITERRANEA SKUJA; TILAPIA OREOCHROMIS-NILOTICUS; HOMOANATOXIN-A; 1ST REPORT; LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY;
D O I
10.3109/10408444.2015.1137865
中图分类号
R99 [毒物学(毒理学)];
学科分类号
100405 ;
摘要
Cyanobacteria are ubiquitous photosynthetic micro-organisms forming blooms and scums in surface water; among them some species can produce cyanotoxins giving rise to some concern for human health and animal life. To date, more than 65 cyanobacterial neurotoxins have been described, of which the most studied are the groups of anatoxins and saxitoxins (STXs), comprising many different variants. In freshwaters, the hepatotoxic microcystins represent the most frequently detected cyanotoxin: on this basis, it could appear that neurotoxins are less relevant, but the low frequency of detection may partially reflect an a priori choice of target analytes, the low method sensitivity and the lack of certified standards. Cyanobacterial neurotoxins target cholinergic synapses or voltage-gated ion channels, blocking skeletal and respiratory muscles, thus leading to death by respiratory failure. This review reports and analyzes the available literature data on environmental occurrence of cyanobacterial neurotoxic alkaloids, namely anatoxins and STXs, their biosynthesis, toxicology and epidemiology, derivation of guidance values and action limits. These data are used as the basis to assess the risk posed to human health, identify critical exposure scenarios and highlight the major data gaps and research needs.
引用
收藏
页码:385 / 419
页数:35
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