RETRACTED: Implementation of modified Buongiorno's model for the investigation of chemically reacting rGO-Fe3O4-TiO2-H2O ternary nanofluid jet flow in the presence of bio-active mixers (Retracted article. See vol. 865, 2025)

The analysis of enhancing the heat transfer of a traditional fluid by adding nanoparticles was effectively studied by many researchers across the globe. In later stages, these nanofluids were made chemically stable by suspending an additional inert nanoparticle thus forming a hybrid nanofluid. The heat transfer characteristics of hybrid nanofluids are discussed in various aspects. Considering these studies, the heat and mass transfer characteristics of ternary nanofluid formed by suspending three different nanoparticles is analysed in this article. The self-propelled microorganisms move within the nanofluid due to the density gradient and it ensures proper mixing of nanoparticles. In order to achieve proper bioconvection caused by microorganisms, the nanoparticle concentration is assumed to be dilute and the fluid with these characteristics is assumed to flow as a jet past a stretching sheet. The mathematical model to analyse such a characteristic flow is framed using the modified Buongiorno's model that describes the impact of volume fraction, thermophoresis and Brownian motion. The mathematical model obtained will be further converted into non-linear differential equations that are solved through the RKF-45 method. The results obtained through this method are interpreted graphically and the impact of fluid flow parameters on the heat and mass transfer rates are tabulated. It is perceived that the mixed convection parameter enhances the velocity profile. Similarly, the increase in the Brownian motion and thermophoresis enhances the thermal profile. Meanwhile, the increase in the nanoparticle volume fraction helps in enhancing the thermal conductivity and thus the temperature is found to be increasing.