Screening for early-onset neonatal sepsis on the Kaiser Permanente sepsis risk calculator could reduce neonatal antibiotic usage by two-thirds

Importance Effective screening strategies for early-onset neonatal sepsis (EONS) have the potential to reduce high volume parenteral antibiotics (PAb) usage in neonates. Objective To compare management decisions for EONS, between CG149 National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) guidelines and those projected through the virtual application of the Kaiser Permanente sepsis risk calculator (SRC) in a level 2 neonatal unit at a district general hospital (DGH). Methods Hospital records were reviewed for maternal and neonatal risk factors for EONS, neonatal clinical examination findings, and microbial culture results for all neonates born at >= 34 weeks' gestation between February and July 2019, who were (1) managed according to CG149-NICE guidelines or (2) received PAb within 72 h following birth at a DGH in Winchester, UK. SRC projections were obtained using its virtual risk estimator. Results Sixty infants received PAb within the first 72 h of birth during the study period. Of these, 19 (31.7%) met SRC criteria for antibiotics; 20 (33.3%) met the criteria for enhanced observations and none had culture-proven sepsis. Based on SRC projections, neonates with '>= 1 NICE clinical indicator and >= 1 risk factor' were most likely to have a sepsis risk score (SRS) >3. Birth below 37 weeks' gestation (risk ratio [RR] = 2.31, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.02-5.22) and prolonged rupture of membranes (RR = 3.14, 95% CI: 1.16-8.48) increased the risk of an SRS >3. Interpretation Screening for EONS on the SRC could potentially reduce PAb usage by 68% in term and near-term neonates in level 2 neonatal units.