Effects of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors, Dietary Fat Intakes and Gene-Diet Interactions on Peak Particle Diameters of Low-Density Lipoproteins

The risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) is modulated by gene diet interactions. The objective of this study was to examine whether gene diet interactions affect peak particle diameters (PPD) of low-density lipoprotein (LDL). Methods: The study included 674 participants. A food frequency questionnaire was administered to obtain dietary information. LDL-PPD was determined by non-denaturing 2-16% polyacrylamide gradient gel electrophoresis. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) gene polymorphisms PPAR alpha L162V (rs1800206), PPAR-gamma P12A (rs1801282) and PPAR delta-87T -> C (rs2016520) were determined by PCR-RFLP. Results: Among carriers of the PPARa L162V polymorphism, gene diet interaction effects on LDL-PPD were observed with saturated fat (p = 0.0005) and total dietary fat (p = 0.006). Among PPAR alpha V162 carriers, subjects with higher saturated fat intakes had smaller LDL-PPD than those with lower intakes (254.23 +/- 2.74 vs. 256.21 +/- 2.61 A, respectively, p = 0.007). Among subjects homozygous for the PPAR alpha L162 allele, those with higher saturated fat intakes had larger LDL-PPD than those with lower saturated fat intakes (255.86 +/- 2.66 vs. 255.05 +/- 2.65 A, respectively, p = 0.01). Gene diet interactions were also found for PPAR gamma P12A polymorphism with saturated fat intake (p = 0.04) and for PPAR delta -87T -> C with the polyunsaturated/saturated fat ratio (p = 0.0013). Conclusions: These results stress that dietary factors should be included in studies determining the effect of different polymorphisms on CVD risk factors. Copyright (C) 2011 S. Karger AG, Basel