RETRACTED: Curcumin Exerts Effects on the Pathophysiology of Alzheimer's Disease by Regulating PI(3,5) P2 and Transient Receptor Potential Mucolipin-1 Expression (Retracted Article)

Background: To validate our speculation that curcumin may ameliorate Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis by regulating PI(3,5) P2 and transient receptor potential mucolipin-1 (TRPML1) expression levels. Methods: We developed an animal model presenting AD by APP/PS1 transgenes. The mouse clonal hippocampal neuronal cell line HT-22 was treated with amyloid-beta 1-42 (A beta 1-42). Curcumin was administrated both in vivo and in vitro. MTS assay was used to detect cell viability, and the lysosomal [Ca2+] ion concentration was detected. The number of autophagosomes was detected by the transmission electron microscopic examination. Illumina RNA-seq was used to analyze the different expression patterns between A beta 1-42-treated cells without and with curcumin treatment. The protein level was analyzed by the Western blotting analysis. PI(3,5) P2 or TRPML1 was knocked down in HT-22 cells or in APP/PS1 transgenic mice. Morris water maze and recognition task were performed to trace the cognitive ability. Results: Curcumin increased cell viability, decreased the number of autophagosomes, and increased lysosomal Ca2+ levels in A beta 1-42-treated HT-22 cells. Sequencing analysis identified TRPLML1 as the most significantly upregulated gene after curcumin treatment. Western blotting results also showed that TRPML1 was upregulated and mTOR/S6K signaling pathway was activated and markers of the autophagy-lysosomal system were downregulated after curcumin use in A beta 1-42-treated HT-22 cells. Knockdown of PI (3,5) P2 or TRPML1 increased the protein levels of markers of the autophagy-lysosomal system after curcumin use in A beta 1-42-treated HT-22 cells, inhibited mTOR/S6K signaling pathway, increased the protein levels of markers of the autophagy-lysosomal system after curcumin use in APP/PS1 mice. Besides, knockdown of PI(3,5) P2 or TRPML1 reversed the protective role of curcumin on memory and recognition impairments in mice with APP/PS1 transgenes. Conclusion: To some extent, it suggested that the effects of curcumin on AD pathogenesis were, at least partially, associated with PI(3,5) P2 and TRPML1 expression levels.