Individualized regimen of low-dose rituximab monotherapy for new-onset AChR-positive generalized myasthenia gravis

Background Generalized AChR-MG is an archetype of B cell-mediated autoimmune disorders, and use of biologic agent rituximab (RTX) for B cell depletion is generally limited to immunosuppressive therapy-refractory cases. However, benefit of RTX monotherapy and individualized regimen with optimal dosage in early stage of new-onset generalized AChR-MG still remains to be elucidated. In this retrospective study, we explore the efficacy and safety of personalized regimen of 100 mg low-dose rituximab monotherapy in treating new-onset generalized AChR-MG. Methods Thirteen new-onset generalized AChR-MG patients were enrolled for the study, initiating RTX treatment from November 2017 to August 2020. The individualized low-dose RTX monotherapy protocol consisted of 100 mg induction treatment weekly with no more than three circles, followed by reinfusion (100 mg once) sequentially according to whether achieving primary endpoint and peripheral CD19 + B-cell repopulation >= 1% of total lymphocytes at each visit (every 3 months). Outcome measures included MGFA-PIS Minimal Manifestation (MM) or better status (primary endpoint), changes in QMG, MMT, MG-ADL and MGQOL-15 scores (secondary endpoint), as well as cholinesterase inhibitors dosage. Results All 13 patients achieved the primary endpoint in parallel with significant improvement of QMG, MMT, MG-ADL MGQOL-15 scores, and reduction of cholinesterase inhibitors dose. A total of 52 visits were performed during follow-up, and only 10 assessments presenting peripheral CD19 + B-cell repopulation (>= 1%) without "MM or better status" were followed by RTX reinfusions (100 mg once) for clinical remission. The total dosage of RTX was only 346.15 +/- 96.74 mg (including 269.23 +/- 63.04 mg for induction and 76.92 +/- 59.91 mg for reinfusion), which seemed to be much lower than those dosages used in new-onset generalized AChR-MG as described previously. Moreover, compared with patients without thymoma, thymectomy markedly delayed initiation of RTX for patients with thymoma (log-rank test, p = 0.0002), but the delaying treatments showed no influence on the time for achieving primary outcome (log-rank test, p = 0.2517). Conclusion Our study firstly showed that individualized regimen of low-dose RTX monotherapy is effective and safe for early treatment of new-onset generalized AChR-MG, and practicable for directing RTX reinfusion and withdrawal. Moreover, the monotherapy protocol was also indicated to be extensively applicable in both new-onset AChR-MG with thymoma (thymectomy) and without thymoma.