RETRACTED: Water desalination systems powered by renewable energy sources: Review (Retracted Article)

Water and energy are two of the most important topics on the international environment and development agenda. The social and economic health of the modern world depends on sustainable supply of both energy and water. Many areas worldwide that suffer from fresh water shortage are increasingly dependent on desalination as a highly reliable and non-conventional source of fresh water. So, desalination market has greatly expanded in recent decades and expected to continue in the coming years. The integration of renewable energy resources in desalination and water purification is becoming increasingly attractive. This is justified by the fact that areas of fresh water shortages have plenty of solar energy and these technologies have low operating and maintenance costs. The present paper presents a review for the work that has been achieved during the recent years in the field of desalination by renewable energies, with emphasis on technologies and economics. The review also includes water sources, demand, availability of potable water and purification methods. A comparative study between different renewable energy technologies powered desalination systems as well as performance and economics have been done. Finally, some general guidelines are given for selection of desalination and renewable energy systems and the parameters that need to be considered. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.