Effects of anodal stimulation and motor practice on limb-kinetic apraxia in Parkinson's disease

Limb-kinetic apraxia, the loss of the ability to make precise, independent but coordinated finger and hand movements affects quality of life in patients with Parkinson's disease. We aimed to examine the effects of anodal transcranial direct current stimulation of the left posterior parietal cortex and upper extremity motor practice on limb-kinetic apraxia in Parkinson's disease. This study was conducted in a randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled fashion. Patients confirmed to have Parkinson's disease were recruited. Twenty-eight participants completed the study and were randomized to two groups: anodal or sham stimulation. For participants assigned to active stimulation, anodal stimulation of the left posterior parietal cortex was performed using 2 mA current for 20 min. Patients received anodal or sham stimulation, followed by motor practice in both groups. The primary outcome measure was time-performing sequential buttoning and unbuttoning, and several secondary outcome measures were obtained. A statistically significant interaction between stimulation type and timepoint on time taken to perform buttoning and unbuttoning was found. Patients who received anodal stimulation were found to have a significant decrease in sequential buttoning and unbuttoning time immediately following stimulation and at 24 h in the medication-ON state, compared to the medication-OFF state (31% and 29% decrease, respectively). Anodal stimulation of the left posterior parietal cortex prior to motor practice appears to be effective for limb-kinetic apraxia in Parkinson's disease. Future long-term, multi-session studies looking at the long-term effects of anodal stimulation and motor practice on limb-kinetic apraxia in Parkinson's disease may be worthwhile.