Follicular waves in ontogenesis and female fertility

Antral follicle growth and recruitment are the basis of female reproduction. Follicular wave theory explains the recruitment, growth, and selection of antral follicles. This article is devoted to the follicular wave pattern in female reproduction throughout life. We highlight progress in understanding the rhythmic follicle changes based on clinical studies and studies on animal models. We review the follicular wave pattern before puberty, during pregnancy, and in perimenopause. Several mathematical models are known which quite accurately describe follicular wave dynamics. The follicular waves theory allows the implementation of the new approaches to ovarian stimulation. Stimulation in the luteal phase and double stimulation are used more widely nowadays for fertility preservation in cancer patients and for increasing the chances of IVF programs success in poor responder patients.