In Vitro Anti-Leishmanial Assessment of Some Medicinal Plants Collected from Al Qassim, Saudi Arabia

Purpose In the present work, a group of nine medicinal plants (Sonchus oleraceus, Echinops spinosissimus, Trichodesma africana, Pergularia tomentosa, Teucrium oliverianum, Blepharis ciliaris, Citrllus colocynthis, Cleome amblyocarpa and Aerva javanica) from eight different families were investigated for their in vitro anti-leishmanial activity against the promastigote and amastigote stages of Leishmania major. L. major is the causative agent of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) which is one of the major health problems in Saudi Arabia and neighboring countries such as Iraq and Iran. However, the commonly available commercial therapeutics still come with multiple unwanted side effects in addition to parasite resistance, so medicinal plants have attracted attention due to their affordability and beneficial effects. Methods The selected plants were collected from Al Qassim region in the middle of Saudi Arabia, and then extracts were prepared with methanol using overnight soaking for the whole plants. RPMI 1640 was used to culture L. major to obtain promastigotes and intramacrophage amastigotes, which were used later for evaluation of extract activity in vitro via spectrophotometric and microscopic techniques. The MTT assay was used for cytotoxic evaluation of plant extracts against macrophage cells. Data were expressed in mean +/- SD. Linear regression was used for IC50 and CC50 calculation. T test was used for significant differences at P <= 0.05. Results All the plants revealed anti-leishmanial activity against the L. major amastigote stage with IC50 values less than 91 mu g/mL. The three most potent were T. oliverianum, P. tomentosa and C. amblyocarpa with IC50 values of 7.8, 13.7 and 21.5 mu g/mL, respectively. The L. major promastigote stage was more tolerant, so only T. oliverianum extract showed an IC50 less than 30 (26.6 mu g/mL). P. tomentosa is the most toxic plant with CC50 3.1 mu g/mL followed by T. africana CC50 9.5 mu g/mL, the other plants possess CC50 over 40 mu g/mL. The best SI values were obtained from the C. amblyocarpa and T. oliverianum extracts against the L. major amastigote stages with 5.7 and 5.3, respectively. Conclusion We can conclude that T. oliverianum, P. tomentosa and C. amblyocarpa are the best anti-leishmanial plants, so further phytochemical studies for isolation of active ingredients are highly recommended.