Ion channel inhibitors block caspase activation by mechanisms other than restoring intracellular potassium concentration

Ion fluxes at the plasma membrane have an important role in early stages of apoptosis. Accordingly, plasma membrane depolarization and gain of Na+ and loss of K+ are initial events in apoptosis. We have studied the effect of staurosporine (STS), a well-established apoptosis inducer, on the membrane potential of HeLa cells to determine the nature of STS-activated ion conductances and their role in the activation of different caspases. We observed that STS can activate tetraethylammonium (TEA(+)) and 4-aminopyridine-sensitive K+ channels and flufenamic-sensitive cation channels as an early response. The combination of these ion channel inhibitors significantly reduced cytochrome c (cyt c) release and activation of caspase-9, -3 and -8. STS also induced a large reduction in the intracellular [K+] that was not blocked by the ion channel inhibitors. Our data suggest that reduction in the [K+](i) is necessary but not sufficient and that ion channel inhibitors block activation of caspase-3 by two different mechanisms: the inhibitors of K+ channels by reducing cyt c release while flufenamic acid by a different, unrelated mechanism that does not involve cation channels at the plasma membrane. Our data also imply that these ion channels activated by STS are not responsible for the reduction in the [K+](i) associated with apoptosis. Cell Death and Disease (2011) 2, e113; doi:10.1038/cddis.2010.93; published online 13 January 2011