A wide-angle gradient index optical model of the crystalline lens and eye of the rainbow trout

Trout lens external shape and internal refractive index gradient structure were measured and used to construct an optical lens model that predicts by ray tracing the average longitudinal spherical and chromatic aberration, focal length and image quality. The nearly spherical shape of the lens was measured from photographs, and the internal refractive gradient structure was measured directly with a special Pulfrich areal refractometer. Longitudinal spherical aberration and back focal length were measured using a simplified Hartmann test using laser beams and a Schlieren test which additionally made refractive index gradient fine structure visible and detected scattering, axial symmetry and structural irregularity. Axial focus shift caused by longitudinal chromatic aberration was measured using a star test. The model lens was then incorporated into a model trout eye based on vertical and horizontal eye frozen sections. Calculated model function yields insight into the relation between eye and lens structure and optical behaviour. Semi-random secondary structural features act as perturbations on the basic model, and will result in point image fine structure. Copyright (C) 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd.