In this work we have systematically investigated excimer-laser-annealing of amorphous silicon in vacuum, air and inert gases (argon, nitrogen and helium). We found that control of oxygen contamination is a key process for improving the TFT performance. We showed that vacuum is not necessary for the realization of high performance TFTs and that inert gas ambient could be implemented equally well. The deleterious effects of ELA in air ambient were identified to be the increased density for both grain boundary and inter-grain defects. The former could be compensated, to a certain extent, by hydrogen passivation, but the latter could not. An oxygen concentration of about 0.5at% was identified as the limit to maintain good TFT performance.