Line balancing of PCB assembly line using immune algorithms

Printed Circuit Boards (PCBs) are widely used in most electronic devices. Typically, a PCB design has a set of components that needs to be assembled. In a broad sense, this assembly task involves placing PCB components at designated location on a PCB board; fixing PCB components; and testing the PCB after assembly operation to ensure that it is in proper working order. The stringent requirements of having a higher component density on PCBs, a shorter assembly time, and a more reliable product prompt manufacturers to automate the process of PCB assembly. Frequently, a few placement machines may work together to form an assembly line. Thus, the application of more than one machine for component placement on a PCB presents a line-balancing problem, which is basically concerned with balancing the workload of all the machines in an assembly line. This paper describes the application of a new artificial intelligence technique known as the immune algorithm to PCB component placement as well as the line balancing of PCB assembly line. It also includes an overview of PCB assembly and an outline of the assembly line balancing problem. Two case studies are used to validate the IA engine developed in this work. The details of IA, the IA engine and the case studies are presented.