Experimental investigation of natural convection heat transfer in horizontal and inclined annular fluid layers

In the present study, an experimental investigation of heat transfer and fluid flow characteristics of buoyancy-driven flow in horizontal and inclined annuli bounded by concentric tubes has been carried out. The annulus inner surface is maintained at high temperature by applying heat flux to the inner tube while the annulus outer surface is maintained at low temperature by circulating cooling water at high mass flow rate around the outer tube. The experiments were carried out at a wide range of Rayleigh number (5 x 10(4) < Ra < 5 x 10(5)) for different annulus gap widths (L/D-o = 0.23, 0.3, and 0.37) and different inclination of the annulus (alpha = 0 degrees, 30 degrees and 60 degrees). The results showed that: (1) increasing the annulus gap width strongly increases the heat transfer rate, (2) the heat transfer rate slightly decreases with increasing the inclination of the annulus from the horizontal, and (3) increasing Ra increases the heat transfer rate for any L/D-o and at any inclination. Correlations of the heat transfer enhancement due to buoyancy driven flow in an annulus has been developed in terms of Ra, L/D-o and alpha. The prediction of the correlation has been compared with the present and previous data and fair agreement was found.