RCC Real-World Data: Prognostic Factors and Risk Stratification in the Immunotherapy Era

Simple Summary Nowadays, most metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) patients are candidates for immunotherapy. Risk stratification is based on the IMDC model that was developed in an earlier era of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor inhibitors (VEGFRi). An updated, more accurate model is needed. This paper suggests an updated risk-stratification model based on five factors that are strongly correlated with overall survival in a real-world cohort of patients with mRCC treated with checkpoint inhibitors in any line of treatment during the course of their disease. Compared with the commonly used IMDC criteria, in this cohort, our model was better able to predict survival. Immunotherapy has transformed the landscape of treatment in metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) in the last decade. Currently, prognostic risk stratification is based on the model developed in the era of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor inhibitors (VEGFRi) by Heng in 2009. Our study aims to find the most relevant risk criteria for mRCC patients treated with checkpoint inhibitors (CPI). In a retrospective cohort study, laboratory, pathology, demographic, and clinical data were retrieved from electronic medical records of consecutive mRCC patients treated with CPI in a tertiary center between 2015 and 2020. An unbiased multivariate analysis was performed to define predictive variables with a bootstrap validation step. We analyzed data on 127 patients with a median follow-up of 60 months. The median overall survival (OS) since the diagnosis of metastatic disease was 57 months. The response rate for CPI was 39%. Five risk factors were correlated with worse OS: intact primary kidney tumor (HR 2.33, p = 0.012), liver metastasis (HR 3.33, p = 0.001), <one year to treatment start (HR 1.98, p = 0.029), elevated platelets (HR 3.06, p = 0.015), and Karnofsky performance status <80% (HR = 3.42, p = 0.001). The model received a C-index of 70.7 compared with a score of 62.0 for the Heng's model. When dividing patients into "low-risk" (0-1 risk factors) and "high-risk" (2-5 risk factors), there was good separation between the groups, with an HR of 5.9 (p < 0.0001). This study presents a new prognostic model for mRCC in the immunotherapy era with improved accuracy. Further research is needed to validate this model in larger cohorts.