Environmental impact of cattle grazing on a karst aquifer in the southern Apennines (Italy): Quantification through the grey water footprint

In this paper we draw on a unique dataset of hydrological and microbiological time series to apply water footprint (WF) methodology to quantify the environmental impact of cattle grazing on karst area in a regional park of the southern Apennines (Italy). The use of WF methodology in the same specific environment where relevant data are monitored, and the hydrogeological and microbiological characterisation of the study area, validate the results of our WF assessment, that can be summarised as follows. First, we show that an ecological indicator such as the grey water footprint (GWF) may be of particular relevance to the park authority to implement policies to preserve groundwater quality. Second, we introduce a new metric, referred to as the environment-related grey water footprint (GWF(env)), to estimate the virtual water needed to absorb the microbial pollution of a cattle grazing process.