Ultra-processed foods and early childhood caries in 0-3-year-olds enrolled at Primary Healthcare Centers in Southern Brazil

Objective: To investigate the relationship between ultra-processed food consumption and early childhood caries. Design: Cross-sectional analysis of baseline data from a cluster randomised controlled study. Outcomes included the prevalence of children with non-cavitated and cavitated caries. The main exposure was the total daily consumption of ultra-processed foods (up to three times and four times or more), assessed through a FFQ. Potential confounders were socio-demographic characteristics of the child and caregiver/family, child breast-feeding, oral hygiene and use of dental services. Poisson regression using robust variance adjustment was used to estimate prevalence ratios (PR) and their respective 95 % CI. Setting: Primary Healthcare Centers in an urban area of Pelotas, Southern Brazil. Participants: Children aged 0-3 years (n 309). Results: Consumption of ultra-processed foods four times or more a day was found in 67 center dot 6 % of children; 24 center dot 4 and 12 center dot 0 % presented non-cavitated and cavitated caries, respectively. After adjustment, children who consumed ultra-processed foods four times or more a day were more likely to present both non-cavitated caries (PR 2 center dot 25, 95 % CI 1 center dot 19, 4 center dot 27, P = 0 center dot 013) and cavitated caries (PR 3 center dot 48, 95 % CI 1 center dot 18, 10 center dot 30, P = 0 center dot 024) compared with those who have consumed them up to three times a day. Conclusions: Consumption of ultra-processed foods is associated with early childhood caries. Interventions aiming at reducing ultra-processed food consumption should be implemented to improve children's oral health.