Defining the domains of type I collagen involved in heparin-binding and endothelial tube formation

Cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) interactions with type I collagen may be a ubiquitous cell adhesion mechanism. However, the HSPG binding sites on type I collagen are unknown. Previously we mapped heparin binding to the vicinity of the type I collagen N terminus by electron microscopy, The present study has identified type I collagen sequences used for heparin binding and endothelial cell-collagen interactions. Using affinity coelectrophoresis, we found heparin to bind as follows: to type I collagen with high affinity (K-d approximate to 150 nM); triple-helical peptides (THPs) including the basic N-terminal sequence alpha 1(I)87-92, KGH-RGF, with intermediate affinities (K-d approximate to 2 mu M); and THPs including other collagenous sequences, or single-stranded sequences, negligibly (K-d >> 10 mu M). Thus, heparin-type I collagen binding likely relies on an N-terminal basic triple-helical domain represented once within each monomer, and at multiple sites within fibrils. We next defined the features of type I collagen necessary for angiogenesis in a system in which type I collagen and heparin rapidly induce endothelial tube formation in vitro. When peptides, denatured or monomeric type I collagen, or type V collagen was substituted for type I collagen, no tubes formed, However, when peptides and type I collagen were tested together, only the most heparin-avid THPs inhibited tube formation, likely by influencing cell interactions with collagen-heparin complexes. Thus, induction of endothelial tube morphogenesis by type I collagen mag depend upon its triple-helical and fibrillar conformations and on the N terminal heparin-binding site identified here.