Ligand-directed signaling at the β3-adrenoceptor produced by 3-(2-ethylphenoxy)-1-[(1,S)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronapth-1-ylamino]-2S-2-propanol oxalate (SR59230A) relative to receptor agonists

This study examines signaling pathways activated by the mouse beta(3)-adrenoceptor (AR) expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells at high (CHO beta H-3) or low (CHO beta L-3) levels. Functional responses included extracellular acidification rate (ECAR), cAMP accumulation, and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) or extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 1/2 (Erk1/2) phosphorylation. (-)-Isoproterenol and the beta(3)-AR agonist (R,R)-5-[2-[[2-(3-chlorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl]-amino]-propyl] 1,3-benzodioxole-2,2-decarboxylate (CL316243) caused concentration-dependent increases in cAMP accumulation and ECAR in CHO beta H-3 and CHO beta L-3 cells. For cAMP accumulation, the beta(3)-AR ligand SR59230A was a partial agonist in CHO beta H-3 and an antagonist in CHO beta L-3 cells but for ECAR was an agonist at both expression levels. This suggested that SR59230A, which is normally regarded as an antagonist, can selectively activate pathways leading to ECAR. Examination of the pathways stimulated by (-)-isoproterenol, CL316243, and SR59230A for both ECAR and cAMP accumulation suggested that the cAMP pathway predominates in CHO beta H-3 cells, whereas p38 MAPK is a major contributor to ECAR in CHO beta L-3 cells and was the sole contributor to responses to SR59230A. Western blots of p38 MAPK and Erk1/2 phosphorylation confirmed that MAPKs are activated in CHO beta H-3 and CHO beta L-3 cells by CL316243 and SR59230A but that SR59230A has much higher efficacy. In addition, p38 MAPK phosphorylation displayed differences in drug potency and efficacy between CHO beta H-3 and CHO beta L-3 cells related to inhibition of the response by cAMP. Thus, CL316243 and SR59230A display reversed orders of efficacy for cAMP accumulation compared with Erk1/2 and p38 MAPK phosphorylation, providing a strong indication of ligand-directed signaling.