Childbirth as a forthcoming traumatic event: pretraumatic stress disorder during pregnancy and its psychological correlates

Background: Recent research has suggested that pretraumatic stress related to a forthcoming predictable traumatic event might exist and that such stress reactions would be a key, 'but largely ignored', aspect of the etiology of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). While it is now acknowledged that childbirth may lead to PTSD, less is known regarding pretraumatic reactions in pregnancy. This study aims to (a) explore the frequency of PTSD, Fear of Childbirth and tokophobia associated with the forthcoming delivery and (b) highlight associated features of pre-traumatic stress symptoms. Methods: At 34 weeks' gestation, a sample of 102 women completed questionnaires assessing anticipated labour pain, fear of childbirth, fear of pain, pretraumatic stress symptoms, perceived social support and depressive and anxiety symptoms. Results: 8.8% of women met DSM-IV-TR criteria for PTSD related to the threatening forthcoming delivery. Fear of childbirth, anticipated labour pain, anxiety, and depressive symptoms were significant predictors of pretraumatic stress intensity. Conclusion: Our results extend prior findings on postpartum PTSD by showing that fear of labour pain is a specific construct, clearly independent from the experience of general pain. Our results suggest that childbirth may be experienced as threatening and traumatic and that this traumatic impact might develop way before the delivery. As a potential traumatic continuum from pre- to posttraumatic stress might exist, further longitudinal studies assessing pre-, peri- and posttraumatic reactions is needed to provide support for this hypothesis.