Power flow by adjoint networks

This paper presents a power flow solution based on Tellegen's theorem and adjoint networks. The power flow solution is for an incremented network where the power system is submitted to changes in the independent variables, i.e. changes in network configuration, changes in loads, and changes in the values specified for generation. Those changes cause changes in voltages. Exact equations based on Tellegen's theorem and adjoint networks directly relate the changes in the independent variables with the corresponding changes in voltages. The paper shows how to build the adjoint networks to compute the adjoint coefficients used in those power flow equations. An example for a six-bus power system network illustrates the numerical behavior of the equations when solved by Newton's method.