Sources and rates of potassium for sweet orange production

Fruit yield and quality of citrus trees (Citrus spp.) is markedly affected by potassium (K) fertilization. Potassium chloride is the major source of K, even though other sources are also available for agricultural use when crops are sensitive to chloride or where potential for accumulation of salts in soils exists. Only few studies addressed the effect of K sources on yield and quality of citrus fruits. Therefore, the present study was conducted to evaluate K2SO4 and KCl fertilizer sources at 0, 100, 200, and 300 kg ha(-1) per year K2O on fruit yield and quality of 'Pera' and 'Valencia' sweet orange trees in the field. The experiments were carried out in a 4 X 2 factorial design under randomized complete blocks, with four replicates from 2001 to 2004. Fruit yield increased with increased K fertilization. Nutrient rate for maximum economic yield of 'Pera' was 200 kg ha(-1) of K2O and for 'Valencia', 270 kg ha(-1) of K2O. Differences were attributed to higher production and K exportation by fruits of 'Valencia'. Fruit mass also increased with increased K fertilization what decreased total soluble solids in juice, and which correlated with leaf K concentrations for 'Valencia' (r = 0.76; p < 0.05). Leaf Ca, Mg and 13 concentrations decreased with K rates. Additionally, leaf Cl increased up to 440 mg kg(-1) with KCl rates, even though no negative effects occurred either on fruit yield Or quality of trees.