Transient convective spin-up dynamics

We study the formation, longevity and breakdown of convective rings during impulsive spin up in square and cylindrical containers using direct numerical simulations. The rings, which are axisymmetric alternating regions of up- and downwelling flow that can last for rotation times, were first demonstrated experimentally and arise due to a balance between Coriolis and viscous effects. We study the formation of these rings in the context of the Greenspan-Howard spin-up process, the disruption of which modifies ring formation and evolution. We show that, unless imprinted by boundary geometry, convective rings can only form when the surface providing buoyancy forcing is a free-slip surface, thereby explaining an apparent disagreement between experimental results in the literature. For Prandtl numbers from 1-5 we find that the longest-lived rings occur for intermediate Prandtl numbers, with a Rossby number dependence. Finally, we find that the constant evaporative heat-flux conditions imposed in the experiments are essential in sustaining the rings and in maintaining the vortices that form in consequence of the ring breakdown.