Secreted Effectors Modulating Immune Responses to Toxoplasma gondii

被引:23
作者
Tomita, Tadakimi [1 ]
Guevara, Rebekah B. [1 ]
Shah, Lamisha M. [2 ]
Afrifa, Andrews Y. [2 ]
Weiss, Louis M. [1 ,3 ]
机构
[1] Albert Einstein Coll Med, Dept Pathol, Bronx, NY 10461 USA
[2] CUNY, Lehman Coll, Dept Biol Sci, Bronx, NY 10468 USA
[3] Albert Einstein Coll Med, Dept Med, Bronx, NY 10461 USA
来源
LIFE-BASEL | 2021年 / 11卷 / 09期
基金
美国国家卫生研究院;
关键词
Toxoplasma gondii; secreted effector; innate immunity; dense granule proteins; immune modulation; DENSE GRANULE PROTEIN; HOST-RESISTANCE; MOVING JUNCTION; VIRULENCE FACTOR; GTPASES; MONOCYTES; INVASION; PATHOGEN; CELLS; INDUCTION;
D O I
10.3390/life11090988
中图分类号
Q [生物科学];
学科分类号
07 ; 0710 ; 09 ;
摘要
Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular parasite that chronically infects a third of humans. It can cause life-threatening encephalitis in immune-compromised individuals. Congenital infection also results in blindness and intellectual disabilities. In the intracellular milieu, parasites encounter various immunological effectors that have been shaped to limit parasite infection. Parasites not only have to suppress these anti-parasitic inflammatory responses but also ensure the host organism's survival until their subsequent transmission. Recent advancements in T. gondii research have revealed a plethora of parasite-secreted proteins that suppress as well as activate immune responses. This mini-review will comprehensively examine each secreted immunomodulatory effector based on the location of their actions. The first section is focused on secreted effectors that localize to the parasitophorous vacuole membrane, the interface between the parasites and the host cytoplasm. Murine hosts are equipped with potent IFN gamma-induced immune-related GTPases, and various parasite effectors subvert these to prevent parasite elimination. The second section examines several cytoplasmic and ER effectors, including a recently described function for matrix antigen 1 (MAG1) as a secreted effector. The third section covers the repertoire of nuclear effectors that hijack transcription factors and epigenetic repressors that alter gene expression. The last section focuses on the translocation of dense-granule effectors and effectors in the setting of T. gondii tissue cysts (the bradyzoite parasitophorous vacuole).
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页数:20
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