Archaeometric evidence for the earliest exploitation of lignite from the bronze age Eastern Mediterranean

被引：7

作者：

Buckley, Stephen ^{[1
,2
]}

Power, Robert C. ^{[3
,4
]}

Andreadaki-Vlazaki, Maria ^{[5
]}

Akar, Murat ^{[6
]}

Becher, Julia ^{[1
,2
]}

Belser, Matthias ^{[1
]}

Cafisso, Sara ^{[1
]}

Eisenmann, Stefanie ^{[4
]}

Fletcher, Joann ^{[7
]}

Francken, Michael ^{[8
]}

Hallager, Birgitta ^{[9
]}

Harvati, Katerina ^{[8
]}

Ingman, Tara ^{[10
]}

Kataki, Efthymia ^{[11
]}

Maran, Joseph ^{[12
]}

Martin, Mario A. S. ^{[13
,14
]}

McGeorge, Photini J. P. ^{[15
]}

Milevski, Ianir ^{[16
]}

Papadimitriou, Alkestis ^{[17
]}

Protopapadaki, Eftychia ^{[11
]}

Salazar-Garcia, Domingo C. ^{[18
,19
]}

Schmidt-Schultz, Tyede ^{[20
]}

Schuenemann, Verena J. ^{[8
,21
]}

Shafiq, Rula ^{[22
]}

Stuijts, Ingelise ^{[23
]}

Yegorov, Dmitry ^{[16
]}

Yener, K. Aslihan ^{[24
]}

Schultz, Michael ^{[20
,25
]}

Spiteri, Cynthianne ^{[1
]}

Stockhammer, Philipp W. ^{[3
,4
]}

机构：

[1] Eberhard Karls Univ Tubingen, Inst Prehist Early Hist & Medieval Archaeol, Burgsteige 11, D-72070 Tubingen, Germany

[2] Univ York, Dept Archaeol, BioArCh, York YO10 5DD, N Yorkshire, England

[3] Ludwig Maximilian Univ Munich, Inst Pre & Protohist Archaeol & Archaeol Roman Pr, Schellingstr 12, D-80799 Munich, Germany

[4] Max Planck Inst Evolutionary Anthropol, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany

[5] Excavat House Sevach, Kanevaro & Skordilon Str, Khania 73100, Greece

[6] Mustafa Kemal Univ, Archaeol Dept, Antakya, Hatay, Turkey

[7] Univ York, Dept Archaeol, York YO1 7EP, N Yorkshire, England

[8] Eberhard Karls Univ Tubingen, Inst Archaeol Sci, Rumelinstr 23, D-72070 Tubingen, Germany

[9] Swedish Inst Athens, Mitseon 9, Athens 11742, Greece

[10] Koc Univ, Res Ctr Anatolian Civilizat ANAMED, TR-34421 Istanbul, Turkey

[11] Ephorate Antiqu Chania, Khania 73100, Greece

[12] Heidelberg Univ, Inst Prehist Protohist & Near Eastern Archaeol, Sandgasse 7, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany

[13] Tel Aviv Univ, Inst Archaeol, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel

[14] Univ Haifa, Leon Recanati Inst Maritime Studies, IL-3498838 Haifa, Israel

[15] British Sch Athens, Souidias 52, Athens 10676, Greece

[16] Israel Antiqu Author, IL-91004 Jerusalem, Israel

[17] Ephorate Antiqu Argolid, Syntagma Sq, Nafplio 21100, Greece

[18] IKERBASQUE Basque Fdn Sci, Grp Invest Prehist IT 1223 19, UPV EHU, Vitoria 01006, Spain

[19] Univ Valencia, Dept Prehist Arqueol & Hist Antiga, Valencia 46010, Spain

[20] Univ Med Sch Gottingen, Inst Anat & Embryol, D-37075 Gottingen, Germany

[21] Univ Zurich, Inst Evolutionary Med, Winterthurerstr 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland

[22] Yeditepe Univ, Anthropol Dept, Istanbul, Turkey

[23] Discovery Programme, 6 Mt St Lower, Dublin 2, Ireland

[24] NYU, Inst Study Ancient World ISAW, New York, NY USA

[25] Univ Hildesheim, Dept Biol, D-31141 Hildesheim, Germany

来源：

SCIENTIFIC REPORTS | 2021年 / 11卷 / 01期

基金：

欧洲研究理事会;

关键词：

POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; CHROMATOGRAPHY MASS-SPECTROMETRY; DENTAL CALCULUS; SEDIMENTS; IDENTIFICATION; COMBUSTION; INDICATORS; BIOMARKERS; FOSSIL; PAHS;

D O I：

10.1038/s41598-021-03544-w

中图分类号：

O [数理科学和化学]; P [天文学、地球科学]; Q [生物科学]; N [自然科学总论];

学科分类号：

07 ; 0710 ; 09 ;

摘要：

This paper presents the earliest evidence for the exploitation of lignite (brown coal) in Europe and sheds new light on the use of combustion fuel sources in the 2nd millennium BCE Eastern Mediterranean. We applied Thermal Desorption/Pyrolysis-Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry and Polarizing Microscopy to the dental calculus of 67 individuals and we identified clear evidence for combustion markers embedded within this calculus. In contrast to the scant evidence for combustion markers within the calculus samples from Egypt, all other individuals show the inhalation of smoke from fires burning wood identified as Pinaceae, in addition to hardwood, such as oak and olive, and/or dung. Importantly, individuals from the Palatial Period at the Mycenaean citadel of Tiryns and the Cretan harbour site of Chania also show the inhalation of fire-smoke from lignite, consistent with the chemical signature of sources in the northwestern Peloponnese and Western Crete respectively. This first evidence for lignite exploitation was likely connected to and at the same time enabled Late Bronze Age Aegean metal and pottery production, significantly by both male and female individuals.

引用

页数：11

共 99 条

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